Titlebook: Vertebrate Flight; Mechanics, Physiolog Ulla M. Norberg Book 1990 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1990 Biomechanik.Verhalten.Vogelflug.Wi

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Morphological Adaptations for Flight,pared with running and swimming, it requires a high degree of morphological adaptation. For example, the wings have to be long to reduce the induced power, which is very high at low speeds. Wings have to be resistant to bending, but light to keep inertial forces within reasonable limits. Muscles mus

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Flight and Ecology,and to its way of exploiting it (Fig. 12.1). The animals are adapted to occupy different niches, so they often have to fly in different ways associated with different wing morphology. Some birds and bats hawk insects in the air, in open spaces or within vegetation, while others fly continuously duri

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萬靈丹

Book 1990 was deciding what to exclude among so many interesting things, because the available material usually exceeded the space. Because a book like this covers so many aspects, each component must be limited. This book is intended for graduate and undergraduate students as well as professional scientists

Seminar

Physiology of Flight,al work. The power input can be measured by various methods, but, like the theoretical approaches, each method has its advantages and disadvantages. Energy expenditure during flight, therefore, can best be understood when several, theoretical and experimental, approaches are used concurrently.

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Forward Flight,y, the parasite power progressively increase (cf. Fig. 2.9), so that fast-flying animals should have a very streamlined body and small wings to reduce the total power required for flight (see Sect. 2.3.2).

Congestion

Introduction, vertebrates can move more quickly than running ones. While the cheetah, which is the fastest of animals, can achieve 18 body lengths per second, a swift can achieve 67, a chaffinch 72, and a starling 80 (Alerstam 1982; Kuethe 1975). This is not far from a jet airplane, which at Mach 3 reaches about 100 lengths per second.

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