Titlebook: Randomised Controlled Clinical Trials; Christopher J. Bulpitt Book 1983 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 1983 experiment

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Introduction,d appropriate controls by a process of randomisation, so that precisely framed questions can be answered.” In medical research, treatment is allocated to subjects or certain periods of time by a random (chance) procedure.

事先無(wú)準(zhǔn)備

The Conduct of the Trial,are foreseen and taken account of prior to the start of the trial and those that are unexpected. Murphy’s law states, “If anything can go wrong it will.” This law has been attributed to captain E. Murphy, a development engineer, who applied it first to an individual technician saying, “If there is any way to do it wrong, he will” [167].

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Analysis of the Trial Results,competence [183–188]. This chapter considers these problems but it is beyond the scope of this book to describe in any detail the statistical methods required to analyse the results of randomised controlled trials. The reader is referred to standard texts such as the books by Armitage [189], Snedecor and Cochran [190], and Petrie [191].

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Developments in Biostatistics and Epidemiologyhttp://image.papertrans.cn/r/image/821113.jpg

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實(shí)現(xiàn)

Recruitment of Subjects,The recruitment of subjects must be considered very carefully to ensure that sufficient persons with the characteristics required by the investigators are enrolled within an appropriate period of time. The number of subjects is of great importance and will be discussed in chapter 10.

否認(rèn)

How to Ensure that the Results are Free of Bias,Biased results are distorted and prejudiced in favour of one treatment or another. When discussing the assessment of a patient’s progress in a trial, Bradford Hill [8] wrote, “the judgements must be made without any possibility of bias, without any overcompensation for a possible bias, and without any possibility of accusation of bias.”

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