Titlebook: Impact of TRIPS in India; An Access to Medicin Prabodh Malhotra Book 2010 Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited 20

倒轉(zhuǎn)

Price Controls and Drug Affordability in India: Policy Optionsy restricting reimbursements and by raising patient co-payments (Cai & Salmon 2005). From the manufacturers’ perspective, price controls restrict free market activity, limit profits, and restrict return on investment.

Ingrained

創(chuàng)造性

Development of India’s Pharmaceutical Industryaccess to medicines in India as well as in other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). A number of policies introduced in the 1970s (discussed later in the chapter) underpinned this growth from a virtually non-existent pharmaceutical industry to becoming the world’s largest producer of generics.

消毒

TRIPS and the Indian Patents Regimerial framework. The first Act relevant to the modern pharmaceutical industry was the Indian Patents and Designs Act 1911. This Act provided patents for pharmaceutical . and . and . for 16 years extendable by another ten years if the patent had not generated sufficient returns for the patent holder (Lalitha 2002).

勉強(qiáng)

pacific

harpsichord

Health Insurance in Indiad increased price controls in the US has gained momentum in recent years. However, experts such as Santerre and Vernon (2006) oppose the introduction of drug price controls in the US and argue that such a move would result in much higher costs than benefits to the society.

現(xiàn)暈光

CONE

978-1-349-32348-7Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited 2010

Magnitude