Titlebook: Hypospadias Surgery; An Illustrated Textb Ahmed T. Hadidi Textbook 2022Latest edition The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), unde

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Normal Development of the Penis and Urethrahe human, considerable differences in length or age of the embryos at the same developmental stage among different authors, and different terminologies used by different authors. The description in this chapter is based on the available description of the embryological development of the human penis

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Morphology of Hypospadiasce of the penis or perineum. The anomalies involve the prepuce, the glans, the ventral penile fascia, the penile skin and fascia, the urethra and urethral plate, the median raphe, the anoscrotal distance, the scrotum, the corpus spongiosum, the tunica albuginea, and occasionally the corpus cavernosu

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Classification and Assessment of Hypospadias Anatomical classifications based on meatal location have been commonly used as an indicator. Classification after chordee release and using the division level of corpus spongiosum are important recent contributions. Duckett classified hypospadias according to meatal location after release of curvat

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Epidemiology of Hypospadias. We begin with a description about the prevalence of hypospadias, the clustering of hypospadias in families, the testicular dysgenesis syndrome, and the estrogen hypothesis. We focus the remainder of this chapter on the evidence for environmental factors that may be involved in the etiology of hypo

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