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The Lower Urinary Tract,Apart from posterior urethral valve, most of the anomalies of the lower urinary tract are quite rare, but here we describe the presentations and clinical characteristics of urethral duplications, penile agenesis/ectopia, enlarged prostatic utricle or vaginal remnant, infected Cowper’s gland and urethral polyps.

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Think Outside the Chest,Heart failure in the neonate can be due to extracardiac conditions, with the only features on echocardiogram being a dilated right heart with or without pulmonary hypertension. This should prompt a search for extracardiac left to right shunts due to arteriovenous malformations such as those present in the brain, liver or kidneys.

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Fetal AVSD or Maybe Not?,Fetal echocardiography enables prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease. However, imaging and interpretation can be difficult for a variety of different reasons. We describe a case illustrating how a left superior vena cava to coronary sinus can be falsely interpreted as an atrioventricular septal defect in the fetus.

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Common Pharyngeal DiseaseIn general, the buccal-pharyngeal membranes of newborns have been completely ruptured after birth. If the buccal-pharyngeal membranes are not ruptured, congenital nasopharyngeal atresia will occur.

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Symptomatology and Examination Method of PharynxPharyngeal symptoms are mainly caused by diseases of the pharynx and its adjacent organs, and may also be a local manifestation of systemic diseases. The main causes are sore throat, dysphagia, dysphagia, abnormal voice and reflux of diet.

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