Titlebook: Endogenous Opioids; From Basic Science t Patrick L. Kerr,Cristian Sirbu,John M. Gregg Book 2024 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Autho

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Endogenous Opioid Activity as the Mechanism of Action for , (Kratom): The Current State of the Evidic receptors, which mediate its stimulant effects. This chapter reviews the literature related to the structural, functional, and cultural characteristics of kratom use. We begin with an overview of current and historical patterns of kratom, followed by a review of data on the pharmacodynamics and p

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Abdalah Makaranga,Pannaga P. Juturs nonneural (e.g., glial) processes involved in the initiation, transmission, and modulation of nociceptive signals in the trigeminal system, and also draws attention to their clinical correlates. The increased understanding gained from these preclinical studies of how nociceptive signals can be mod

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Xueji Zhang,Haifeng Dong,Yaping Tiansential hypertension, ischemic stress). Stimulation of OPRs not only inhibits cardiac excitation–contraction coupling, but also protects the heart against hypoxic and ischemic injury. An enhanced sensitivity to opioids of endocrine organs and neuronal systems is operative in hypertensive patients. T

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