Titlebook: Ecotones Between Forest and Grassland; Randall W. Myster Book 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012 Neotropical.biomes.ecoton

漸變

用樹皮

Veneer

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-83077-7orest speciation (Smith et al. 1997), and, for those climatically controlled ecotones, the manner of their response to future climate change (IPCC 2007). Forest–savanna transitions may be governed by any number of factors, including soil type, fire, hydrology, disturbance (both natural and anthropog

Generalize

Zuf?lligkeit bei dynamischen Systemendaries. These boundaries are rarely present as a smooth gradient from tropical forests to scattered trees and open grassland (Bond and Parr 2010); rather, they are often patchy and irregular, occurring where at first sight no apparent driver for an ecosystem shift is apparent (Sarmiento 1984). In ge

偏狂癥

Chaos und Turbulenzen im Universum,n, regionally known as “páramo” (Cleef 1981; Luteyn 1999) is known as the “upper forest line” (UFL) or “timber line” (Holtmeier 2009). Above the UFL trees may occur forming small patches with diameters of ten to several hundreds of metres. The elevation where individual trees find their altitudinal

形狀

Chaos in a Pendulum with Variable Length,d ecological communities (IPCC 2007; Lenoir et al. 2008). Mountain ecosystems and their unique biota are particularly sensitive to such changes (Beniston 2003). In high elevation forests, climate has been considered to be the main limiting factor for tree growth, reproduction and establishment (e.g.

hazard

喚起

reserve

Chaos in Attitude Dynamics of SpacecraftThe Oxford English Dictionary (OED: www.oed.com) defines an ecotone as “A transitional area between two or more distinct ecological communities” and gives the etymology of both “eco” and “tone” as deriving from ancient Greek. The OED goes on to give this first usage by Clements (1904):

浮夸