Titlebook: Defining Physiology: Principles, Themes, Concepts; Cardiovascular, Resp Hwee Ming Cheng,Felicita Jusof Book 2018 Springer Nature Singapore

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Control of Respirationhemoreceptors at the carotid/aortic bodies. After denervation of the carotid chemoreceptors, the response to PO. and pH in stimulating ventilation is abolished. However, the response to arterial PCO. is reduced only about 35%.

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Acid-Base Balanceby the urine flow rate (V). The two major form of excreted acid in urine are urinary phosphate (H.PO.) and ammonium (NH.). Therefore the net acid excretion will include the addition of (U..V) for both the phosphate and the ammonium. Metabolism of foods can generate strong acids e.g. from sulphate-co

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0916-4Definition: The percentage of the red cell volume to the total blood volume. The blood cellular volume are largely those of erythrocytes. PTC: The gender-dependent normal range is on average 40–45%. Normal erythropoiesis will give a normal hematocrit value.

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0916-4Definition: Tidal volume is the volume of air breathed in (inspired) or breathed out (expired) during a respiratory cycle. Note that for cardiac stroke volume, it is only the ejected ventricular volume that is indicated, not the inflow of blood volume into the ventricles.

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Heart as an Electrical OrganDefinition: The pre-potential where a (gradual) spontaneous depolarization of the sinoatrial nodal cells leads to the generation of action potential that determines the heart rate ().