Titlebook: Clinical Companion in Nephrology; Mark Findlay,Christopher Isles Book 20151st edition Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 A

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Hyponatraemia..Hyponatraemia is a common electrolyte disturbance that is often difficult to diagnose and to manage. In all cases there is retention of water relative to sodium. It is usually mediated by ADH which is released appropriately (most cases) or inappropriately (SIADH).

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Structure and Function of the Kidneyecting duct. In reality, the glomerulus lies a little closer to the distal tubule than shown in our drawing, enabling the juxtaglomerular apparatus, which produces renin, to sense sodium levels in the distal tubule (see later). Healthy glomeruli filter around 100 ml of blood to produce around 1 ml o

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Assessment of GFRs a measure of the function of all of these in both kidneys. Urea is a nitrogenous waste product, the level of which in the blood is usually <7 mmol/l. Blood urea rises in patients with kidney injury but is an imperfect marker of GFR for the following reasons: urea generation is low in patients with

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