Titlebook: Circadian Clocks; Tsuyoshi Hirota,Megumi Hatori,Satchidananda Panda Book 2022 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclu

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Patch-Clamp Electrophysiological Analysis of Murine Melanopsin Neurons,ian rhythms with local time. These neurons sense light with a receptor called melanopsin and provide practically all retinal innervation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the master clock. Their activity is especially important over long timescales. How do ipRGCs respond to light, what signals do they

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Spectroscopic Analysis of Wavelength Sensitivities of Opsin-Type Photoreceptor Proteins,tified in animal genomes. Determining the absorption spectra of the opsin-type photoreceptor proteins enables us to predict their contribution to physiological outputs on the basis of their wavelength sensitivities. Here, we describe detailed methods to spectroscopically determine the absorption spe

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,Nocturnal and Diurnal Behavior Assessed by the “Work-for-Food” Protocol in Small Rodents, cycle can shift by changes in light, temperature, (perceived) predation risk, food timing, and abundance. A major determinant of the phase of locomotor activity relative to the (entrained) SCN is energy balance. In the majority of restricted feeding experiments, access to a limited amount of food i

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Assessment of Circalunar (~Monthly) Rhythms,timing cue, either by directly reacting to moonlight or by entraining inner oscillators, like the monthly circalunar clock..Natural moonlight is characterized by intensity, spectrum, and complex timing, which regularly changes every night and across additional timescales. In order to understand the

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Identification and Characterization of Genes Involved in Vertebrate Photoperiodism,ration, and hibernation. Among various seasonally fluctuating environmental cues, photoperiod is a dominant cue that drives different seasonal responses. The responses of organisms to photoperiodic changes are called photoperiodism. Although mechanisms of seasonal reproduction have been uncovered in

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Spirometry

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