Titlebook: Case Studies in the Virtual Physical Chemistry Laboratory; Anthony J. Duben Textbook 2024 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s),

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Activity Coefficients,e more accurately represented by the activity of the species rather than its concentration. The activity of a species incorporates all factors that may modify its concentration. It is possible to think either about the activity as the “effective concentration” or the concentration as the first appro