Titlebook: Botulinum Neurotoxins; Andreas Rummel,Thomas Binz Book 2013 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Sp

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Assembly and Function of the Botulinum Neurotoxin Progenitor Complex,en used with great success in the clinic. Accidental BoNT poisoning mainly occurs through oral ingestion of food contaminated with .. BoNTs are naturally produced in the form of progenitor toxin complexes (PTCs), which are high molecular weight (up to ~900?kDa) multiprotein complexes composed of BoN

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Double Receptor Anchorage of Botulinum Neurotoxins Accounts for their Exquisite Neurospecificity,he interaction with two receptor components. TeNT and all BoNT bind first to complex polysialo-gangliosides abundantly present on the outer leaflet of neuronal membranes. The ganglioside binding occurs in BoNT/A, B, E, F and Gvia a conserved ganglioside binding pocket within the most carboxyl-termin

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The Elusive Compass of Clostridial Neurotoxins: Deciding When and Where to Go?,r neuronal homeostasis and survival. Several pathogens and virulence factors use this route to gain access to the central nervous system, exploiting the complex and still poorly understood trafficking mechanisms that regulate the dynamics of their cellular receptors. Studying the intracellular trans

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Synchronized Chaperone Function of Botulinum Neurotoxin Domains Mediates Light Chain Translocation inhibit synaptic transmission. The di-chain protein is made up of the ~50?kD light chain and the ~100?kD heavy chain. The HC can be further subdivided into the N-terminal translocation domain (H.) and the C-terminal Receptor Binding Domain (H.). BoNT entry into neurons requires the toxin to utilize

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Persistence of , Neurotoxin Inactivation of Nerve Function,a biodefense nightmare. Understanding the mechanisms underlying BoNT persistence will offer new strategies for improving the efficacy and extending the applications of BoNT therapeutic agents as well as for treating the symptoms of botulism. Research indicates that the persistence of BoNT intoxicati

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Structure-Based Drug Discovery for Botulinum Neurotoxins,ilable is antibody treatment which will not be effective for post-exposure therapy. There are no drugs available for post-intoxication treatment. Accordingly, it is imperative to develop effective drugs to counter botulism. Available structural information on botulinum neurotoxins both alone and in

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Complexity of Botulinum Neurotoxins: Challenges for Detection Technology,ypes with more than 30 subtypes have been described, and even more subtypes are expected to be discovered. The fact that the BoNT molecules are released as large complexes of different size and composition adds further complexity to the issue. Currently, in the diagnostics of botulism, the mouse bio