Titlebook: Behind Locked Doors; A History of the Pap Frederic J. Baumgartner Book 2003 Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Nature America Inc. 2003 20.

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,Election by the College of Cardinals, 1059–1274,would choose the pope became a point of great contention between emperor and churchmen, and thereby between laity and clergy. There was much at stake, and the issue’s resolution went a long way toward determining the nature of medieval society.

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Conclaves in the Reformation Era,ige of the papacy, not to make the reforms that might have mollified many, but certainly not all, of those who were following Luther. Clement stubbornly resisted calling a council despite the enthusiastic support for one from Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who had played a major role in securing his election.

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And On to the Twenty-first Century,ons; the cardinals did not want to choose again someone who would die soon after his election. The quick end of John Paul I’s papacy meant that the College would be inclined to seek the same sort of pope—a pastoral bishop who was not part of the curia—but a more vigorous one.

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