Titlebook: Amino Acids in Nutrition and Health; Amino Acids in Gene Guoyao Wu Book 2021 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclus

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Book 2021al disorders, oxidative stress, and cardiovascular disease.? Thus, optimal amounts of AAs and their ratios in diets and circulation are crucial for whole-body homeostasis and health.? Adequate provision of one or a mixture of functional AAs or metabolites may be beneficial for ameliorating health pr

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-91174-8ignals for gene expression, respectively. The sufficiency of an amino acid in cells ensures its binding to cognate sensors and suppression of inhibitors of MTOR, leading to increased global protein synthesis. On the other hand, deprivation of amino acids activates the amino acid response pathway (GC

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-91174-8or through a variety of amino acid sensors located in the cytosol or lysosomal membrane. These amino acid sensors control the translocation of mTORC1 from the cytosol to the lysosomal surface where mTORC1 is activated by Rheb GTPase, therefore regulating autophagy and the lysosomal protein degradati

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-91174-8intestine of fish. In contrast, glucose and fatty acids are only minor metabolic fuels in the fish. Fish tissues have high activities of glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamate–oxaloacetate transaminase, and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, as well as high rates of glutamate uptake. In contrast, the acti

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-91174-8trates for the synthesis of Glu and Gln in avian tissues, particularly the liver. Over the past 20?years, there has been growing interest in Glu and Gln metabolism in the chicken, which is an agriculturally important species and also a useful model for studying some aspects of human physiology and d

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-91174-8everal mechanisms, including organ location, as well as the functional zonation of enzymes and the cell-specific expression of amino acid transporters. The cooperative handling of amino acids between the various organs does not appear to be under the control of any centralized regulation, but is ins

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-91174-8t are of special importance for exercising individuals include arginine, branched-chain AAs, creatine, glycine, taurine, and glutamine. The AAs play vital roles as both substrates for protein synthesis and molecules for regulating blood flow and nutrient metabolism. The functional roles of AAs inclu

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-91174-8ne/glutamate and proline in humans, these synthetic pathways do not provide sufficient Arg in infants or adults. Thus, humans and other animals do have dietary needs of Arg for optimal growth, development, lactation, and fertility. Much evidence shows that oral administration of Arg within the physi