Titlebook: Air, Water, Earth, Fire; How the System Earth Angelo Peccerillo Book 2021 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive

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,Air, Water, Earth—The Exogenic Geological Processes,rine life. The reactions between atmospheric gases and rocks consume large quantities of carbon dioxide (CO.), which is transported to the sea as bicarbonate ions (HCO.) and finally deposited onto the seafloor by chemical or biochemical activity. These processes have been active throughout most of E

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,Seismicity—The Breath of a Restless Earth,locks of rigid oceanic crust and lithosphere sinking inside the mantle. These are called subduction zones and are the places where the lithosphere, which is formed at the ocean ridges, sinks deep into the Earth and is ultimately destroyed by melting within the mantle.

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,Plate Tectonics—The Great Unifying Theory, form mid-ocean ridges in the oceanic environments. The mid-ocean ridge is a chain of submarine volcanoes some 65,000 km in length; it stretches across all the Earth’s oceanic basins, rarely emerging to the surface. Converging margins are the places where two adjacent plates move against each other,

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,Geochemical Cycles—The Circulatory System of Planet Earth,logical time scale, whereas the migration through the crust and mantle (deep cycle) is much slower, lasting millions or billions of years. All elements undergo geochemical cycling. Water evaporates, condensates, and returns to the hydrosphere after a relatively short time span. Part of the ocean wat

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,From Hadean to Anthropocene—The Endless Story of a Lucky Planet,gen sulphide. When the external temperature dropped,water condensed and fell as rain. The slow but continuous dispersion of heat from inside the Earth led to the cooling and stiffening of the crust that broke up into various rigid blocks and gave birth to an early-stage plate tectonic regime between

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