Titlebook: African Battle Traditions of Insult; Verbal Arts, Song-Po Tanure Ojaide Book 2023 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under ex

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and ,: The Tradition of Verbal Warfare in Swahili Literatureto poetry which is a monologic genre (37–38). Mikhail Bakhtin is the Russian theorist who is well known in literary circles for his theory of the novel as a polyphonic genre as opposed to the monologism of poetry. Njogu uses oral poetry from both the Kikuyu and Swahili communities to demonstrate tha

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Battle Rap: An Exploration of Competitive Rhyming in Hip Hop970s, hip hop started in local parks but grew in popularity, leading to commercial success for many musicians. Now, artists receive record contracts, play in concert venues, and appear on audio streaming and digital platforms such as SoundCloud. Nevertheless, the practice of “battling” or engaging i

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Fighting Words: Songs of Conflict, Censure, and Cussout in Trinidad and Tobago Carnivalarnival is a provenance for cultural affirmation, reformation, transgression, fusion, and recreation. Trinidad and Tobago’s Carnival is the location of calypso, mas’ (masking), stickfight, and performance poetry, to name the major ones. In each of these art forms, verbal dexterity is either at its c

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Oral Tradition and Cultures in Dialogue: , and hree and a half million enslaved Africans throughout the nearly 300-year period of the slave trade to Brazil, and the influence and legacy of the coffee plantations in the Paraíba Valley region of Brazil on the new form of battle poetry tradition, ., which blossomed due to/despite the harsh reality