Titlebook: Wild and Exotic Animal Ophthalmology; Volume 2: Mammals Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira,Bret A. Moore,Gil Ben-Sh Textbook 2022 The Editor(s) (if

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General Introduction: Mammalia,s as the egg-laying Monotremes, the Marsupials, and the ocean dwelling Cetaceans (McDonald 1984; Wilson and Reeder 2005). This group of animals are believed to have evolved from a primitive reptilian ancestor sometime during the Carboniferous period, the members of the Synapsida family. These primit

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Ophthalmology of Monotremes: Platypus and Echidnas, as hatching young from eggs and having a single opening for digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs, all while rearing their young from milk like other placental mammals. They are the closest extant relatives to the early synapsid line from which all mammals have derived, and as such, are consi

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Ophthalmology of Marsupials: Opossums, Koalas, Kangaroos, Bandicoots, and Relatives,n, in which their undeveloped young resides after birth. All extant marsupial species are native to the Americas and Australasia, and this group is highly diversified to fill biologic niches within their habitats. Seven marsupial orders are extant, with three being represented in the Americas, and t

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Ophthalmology of Xenarthra: Armadillos, Anteaters, and Sloths,the Paleocene era, roughly 59 million years ago. Members of this group are thought to be one of the most ancient groups of mammals and include armadillos, anteaters, and sloths. Although its visual system has historically been understudied, the role of this group as an animal model for several human

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Ophthalmology of Tylopoda: Camels, Alpacas, Llamas, Vicunas, and Guanacos,ro-Asian, or Old World, camelids include the domestic Bactrian camel (.), wild Bactrian camel (.), and domestic dromedary camel (.). Wild Bactrian camel populations are restricted to northern China and southern Mongolia and are genetically distinct species to their domesticated relatives. Although n